Electric Generation by Source by Country

Published Studies Provide Scant Evidence that Diversity Benefits Scientific Discoveries

 

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• Jordan P. Beck, 
• Zachary Patterson & 
• Samuel Wilson 

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Abstract

Recent years have witnessed many strong claims that ‘diversity’ leads to more original and impactful science, which is a science-focused form of what we call “The Diversity Hypothesis.” However, what evidence supports the claim that diversity enhances scientific output or impact? This pre-registered rapid scoping review seeks to collate and evaluate the scientific evidence for the Diversity Hypothesis as a foundation for future, methodologically rigorous studies that address the Diversity Hypothesis. Guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute approach and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), a systematic search of three electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, and Ovid PsycInfo) was performed. The Mixed Methods Assessment Tool was used for quality appraisal of included articles. Studies were included if they were peer-reviewed, empirical studies that satisfied the population (‘scientists or scientific teams/labs’), concept (‘diversity of scientists or scientific teams/labs’), context (‘scientific productivity or impact’) as well as other inclusion criteria. In total, 104 articles were included and their findings pertaining to the relationship between diversity and scientific productivity and impact analysed. We estimate that only between 15% and 28% of results reported in these articles are unambiguously consistent with the Diversity Hypothesis, with the balance not being so. Overall, the results indicate that there is little empirical evidence that diversity, as defined narrowly by demographic or identity diversity, improves scientific output and impact. Despite claims that evidence for the Diversity Hypothesis is unambiguous, the results of this scoping review suggest that, presently, this broad conclusion is unsubstantiated and that more nuanced propositions pertaining to the types and effects of diversity be advanced and enacted in the context of scientific claims, funding, and policy-making.

PISA 2025 Europe Score by Immigration Generation

Fyodor Dostoevsky Handwriting The Brothers Karamazov.

The image displays a highly detailed, chaotic page of handwritten notes and sketches from the working notebooks of the famous Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky,p specifically detailing his planning for his final masterpiece, The Brothers Karamazov.

Cannot Classify German Afd as Just a Conservative/Right Party

Most Germans Do Not Support AfD

2024 Around one-in-five Germans (19%) see AfD favorably, but a large majority (79%) have a negative opinion of the party.

https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/09/20/7-facts-about-germanys-afd-party/

But support is increasing.  2026  Nationwide opinion polls in Germany show that support for the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) party hovers around 26% to 28%, making it one of the most popular political forces in the country. Support is significantly higher in eastern regional states, where recent state elections demonstrated backing reaching roughly 41% to 44%. 

Why is AfD of concern? Nazi slogans, Holocaust trivialization and more.

Björn Höcke, leader of the AfD party in the state of Thuringia, has twice been fined by a German court for using a banned Nazi slogan.  The phrase, “Everything for Germany” (“Alles für Deutschland”) was a slogan of the Nazi stormtroopers and engraved on their daggers.

In a 2017 speech to the AfD youth wing, Höcke bemoaned German’s culture of remembrance of the Holocaust, saying, “We Germans, our people, are the only people in the world who planted a monument of shame in the middle of our national capital.” He called for Germany to stop atoning for Nazi crimes and make a "180-degree turn" in how it remembers its past.

Alexander Gauland, an AfD co-founder, former party leader, and current Member of Parliament, has engaged in Holocaust trivialization on several occasions.  In a 2018 speech to the AfD youth wing, he said, “Hitler and the Nazis are just a speck of bird poop in more than 1,000 years of successful German history.”  Gauland also said in 2017 that Germans should be “proud of the achievements of German soldiers in two world wars.”

And the party supports aligning more with Russia than the west.  A large part of the far-right and right-wing populist German political party Alternative for Germany (AfD) supports Russia, its foreign policy, and its allies.  Former Bundestag member Waldemar Herdt considers the Russian Crimea referendum to be legitimate, denying any occupation. During the 2018 Russian presidential election, seven AfD members visited Russian-occupied Crimea as observers.^[8][9]

Russian occupation of Donbas

In March 2019, then party co-leader Alexander Gauland said in an interview with the Russian newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda that they consider the war in Donbas to be a Ukrainian internal matter, and that Germany should not get involved in the internal affairs of Ukraine or Russia. He also said the AfD is against international sanctions imposed on Russia.^[10]

In September 2022, the three state parliament members Christian Blex, Hans-Thomas Tillschneider and Daniel Wald traveled to Russia and also wanted to visit the Russian-occupied Donbas in eastern Ukraine. After criticism from the German public, they canceled the trip.^[11][12][13]

In August 2023 The Insider and Der Spiegel published a joint investigation into actions of Russian citizen Vladimir Sergienko who proxied money and instructions from Russia to AfD politicians, who filed a constitutional complaint in Germany against its supplies of weapons to Ukraine. Sergienko coordinated a number of other AfD initiatives, such as sending letters to the Pope and drafting an anti-Ukrainian declaration of Harald Weyel in PACE.^[14]

DEI University Job Evaluations

 

blurb is from OSU's Department of French and Italian:

https://www.nas.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/French_Francophone_Studies_Black_France_OSU_Redacted.pdf

NFL Rules

1.  Teams move too soon at the start

False Start: Offense moves too early

Offside: Offensive or defensive player lined up in the zone when ball snaps or crosses the line 

Encroachment: Defender touches someone before the snap

NZI: Defender crosses line, makes an O-lineman jump  (Neutral zone infraction)

Rules about movement for the offense and defense

Defense Movement Rules

Free movement: Defenders can shift, run, or adjust their positions anywhere on their side of the line of scrimmage before the snap.
Restrictions: They cannot cross the neutral zone (offside/encroachment) or use abrupt, jerky fake signals meant to trick the offense into a false start. [1, 2, 3]

Offense Movement Rules

The stationary rule: All offensive players must come to a complete, dead stop for at least one full second in a set formation before the ball is snapped. [1]
Pre-snap motion exception: Exactly one offensive player (usually a wide receiver or running back) is allowed to be moving at the snap, provided they move laterally or backward, and not forward toward the line of scrimmage. [1, 2]
Linemen: Offensive linemen (tackles, guards, center) cannot move or shift at all once they take their stance.




While the majority of the offense must be completely still, football rules allow for specific exceptions, most notably a player in motion.
Here is exactly how the rules break down for the offense before the ball is snapped:
1. The Pre-Snap Set
Before anyone can go into motion, all 11 offensive players must come to a complete stop simultaneously. They must remain completely stationary for at least one full second.
2. Player in Motion
After that one-second pause, one offensive player who is lined up in the backfield (not on the line of scrimmage) is allowed to go into motion.
The Rule: This player can move parallel to or away from the line of scrimmage.
The Restriction: They absolutely cannot move forward toward the line of scrimmage at the time of the snap. If they are moving forward when the ball is snapped, it is a penalty for illegal motion or a false start.

Ariely on Rationalizing Dishonesty

 

People like to think of themselves as honest. However, dishonesty pays—and it often pays well. How do people resolve this tension? This research shows that people behave dishonestly enough to profit but honestly enough to delude themselves of their own integrity. A little bit of dishonesty gives a taste of profit without spoiling a positive self-view. Two mechanisms allow for such self-concept maintenance: inattention to moral standards and categorization malleability. Six experiments support the authors’ theory of self-concept maintenance and offer practical applications for curbing dishonesty in everyday life.

Grading the UK Kings Since Alfred the Great

 

Military Pilot Pass Rate by Sociodemographics